Thank you all for your comments!
Change "fase" to "phase".
Doh. Changed.
Also, I think there is a typo in the opening. Where you say
"Ruby is slow", I think what you mean is "Ruby is an extremely
powerful and flexible language". It's an understandable mistake,
all of the keys are so close to each other. 
I fixed that, that always happens to me, my keyboard must have been low on batteries
Thanks for the section and examples on Ruby mark-and-sweep, this
is something I've been having some trouble with.
Your welcome 
You recommend using the "rb_" prefix on classes, modules, etc., but I'd argue that rb_-prefixed names should be reserved for things defined by Ruby itself, and your extension should use some other naming convention.
You're right, I've changed that now.
You use names_array->ptr[i] to access elements in an array. My choice would be to use rb_ary_index instead, to put a little logical distance between my code and the RArray structure definition. You could use rb_ary_length to get the array size as well.
Hmmm I never even heard of that, would probably be better. I'll look into it after my exams, and if I like it, I'll change it.
Regarding "Where to go from here," another good learning resource is the C sources for the builtin classes. I frequently refer to string.c, array.c, io.c, etc. to see how things should be done.
You're right, I added that.
One item on my wishlist would be to show (in perhaps a sidebar) how to
use mkrf instead of mkmf.
I haven't heard of mkrf yet, but I'll also check that out after my exams. Thanks for the suggestion.
Wim