# Rails 1.0: Release Candidate 2

**URL:** <https://rubytalk.org/t/rails-1-0-release-candidate-2/21714>\
**Category:** ruby-talk\
**Created:** [19 October 2005 19:37 UTC](https://rubytalk.org/t/rails-1-0-release-candidate-2/21714 "2005-10-19T19:37:08Z")\
**Posts on this page:** 13\
**Page:** 1

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![DHH](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/d/258eb7/32.png) [@DHH](https://rubytalk.org/u/DHH)\
**Post date:** [19 October 2005 19:37 UTC](https://rubytalk.org/t/rails-1-0-release-candidate-2/21714/1 "2005-10-19T19:37:08Z")

</div>

The release of 1.0 is near upon us! It has been a long time in the  
making, involved a heroic final sprint at RubyConf by the core team,  
and is a testament to how it's all been coming together over the last  
months. Almost three hundred bug fixes, enhancements, and new features  
have been introduced since 0.13.1 saw the light of day three months  
ago. That's on average three per day. So it's not been a while because  
of slacking off.

But with all these changes, we want to allow for an extended  
release-candidate phase before we declare 1.0 a reality. So from today  
you can get the 1.0 RC 2, which is packaged as version 0.14.1 in the  
gems.

Over the next two weeks or so, we're very interested in hearing about  
bugs and we'll likely push out a few more release candidates as more  
and more fixes go in. That said, we can't fix it all and we surely  
can't process all the pending feature enhancements for 1.0. So don't  
expect to see an empty Pending Patches or Faults lists. Our main  
objective is to stamp out the "heinous" bugs: those that significantly  
affect the many or those that dangerously affect the few.

Read the full release notes:

> **[Ruby on Rails](http://rubyonrails.org)**
>
> A web-application framework that includes everything needed to create database-backed web applications according to the Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern.

Upgrading from 0.13.1 to 1.0:

> **[Ruby on Rails](http://rubyonrails.org)**
>
> A web-application framework that includes everything needed to create database-backed web applications according to the Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern.

(The main gem server is pretty over-worked, you may want to do gem  
install rails --source [http://gems.rubyonrails.org](http://gems.rubyonrails.org)  
--include-dependencies to offload it a bit)

> **···**
>
> --  
> David Heinemeier Hansson  
> [http://www.loudthinking.com](http://www.loudthinking.com) -- Broadcasting Brain  
> [http://www.basecamphq.com](http://www.basecamphq.com) -- Online project management  
> [http://www.backpackit.com](http://www.backpackit.com) -- Personal information manager  
> [http://www.rubyonrails.com](http://www.rubyonrails.com) -- Web-application framework

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Caleb\_Tennis](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/c/c5a1d2/32.png) [@Caleb\_Tennis](https://rubytalk.org/u/Caleb_Tennis)\
**Post date:** [19 October 2005 20:36 UTC](https://rubytalk.org/t/rails-1-0-release-candidate-2/21714/2 "2005-10-19T20:36:00Z")

</div>

> (The main gem server is pretty over-worked, you may want to do gem  
> install rails --source [http://gems.rubyonrails.org](http://gems.rubyonrails.org)  
> --include-dependencies to offload it a bit)

Is it possible to download the .gem files from somewhere?

Caleb

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Chad\_Fowler4](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/c/9fc29f/32.png) [@Chad\_Fowler4](https://rubytalk.org/u/Chad_Fowler4)\
**Post date:** [19 October 2005 20:38 UTC](https://rubytalk.org/t/rails-1-0-release-candidate-2/21714/3 "2005-10-19T20:38:46Z")

</div>

You can always get them from [RubyGems.org | your community gem host](http://gems.rubyforge.org/gems/%5C).  
Downloading them directly and installing them all at once should work  
fine.

> **···**
>
> On 10/19/05, Caleb Tennis \<caleb@aei-tech.com\> wrote:
> 
> > \> (The main gem server is pretty over-worked, you may want to do gem  
> > \> install rails --source [http://gems.rubyonrails.org](http://gems.rubyonrails.org)  
> > \> --include-dependencies to offload it a bit)
> > 
> > Is it possible to download the .gem files from somewhere?
> 
> --  
> Chad Fowler  
> [http://chadfowler.com](http://chadfowler.com)
> 
> > **[Ruby Central](https://rubycentral.org)**
> >
> > Supporting the Ruby Community Since 2001
> 
> > **[WebMD - Better information. Better health.](https://www.rubygarden.org/)**
> >
> > The leading source for trustworthy and timely health and medical news and information. Providing credible health information, supportive community, and educational services by blending award-winning expertise in content, community services, expert...
> 
> [http://rubygems.rubyforge.org](http://rubygems.rubyforge.org) (over one million gems served!)

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Caleb\_Tennis](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/c/c5a1d2/32.png) [@Caleb\_Tennis](https://rubytalk.org/u/Caleb_Tennis)\
**Post date:** [19 October 2005 20:45 UTC](https://rubytalk.org/t/rails-1-0-release-candidate-2/21714/4 "2005-10-19T20:45:19Z")

</div>

> You can always get them from [RubyGems.org | your community gem host](http://gems.rubyforge.org/gems/%5C).  
> Downloading them directly and installing them all at once should work  
> fine.

I didn't see the RCs there. A mirroring delay or perhaps they just haven't  
yet been uploaded?

Caleb

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Jamis\_Buck2](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/j/f17d59/32.png) [@Jamis\_Buck2](https://rubytalk.org/u/Jamis_Buck2)\
**Post date:** [19 October 2005 20:57 UTC](https://rubytalk.org/t/rails-1-0-release-candidate-2/21714/5 "2005-10-19T20:57:29Z")

</div>

Rails 0.14.1 is RC2. However, it looks like somehow only the rails gem got uploaded. I'll see if I can grab David next time he's online to upload those.

For future reference, here are the specific version numbers associated with RC2:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rails 0.14.1  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;activesupport 1.2.1  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;activerecord 1.12.1  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;actionpack 1.10.1  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;actionmailer 1.1.1  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;actionwebservice 0.9.1

You can always grab the gems off of the RoR gem server, though:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gem install rails --source [http://gems.rubyonrails.org](http://gems.rubyonrails.org) --include-dependencies

- Jamis

> **···**
>
> On Oct 19, 2005, at 2:45 PM, Caleb Tennis wrote:
> 
> > > You can always get them from [RubyGems.org | your community gem host](http://gems.rubyforge.org/gems/%5C).  
> > > Downloading them directly and installing them all at once should work  
> > > fine.
> > 
> > I didn't see the RCs there. A mirroring delay or perhaps they just haven't  
> > yet been uploaded?

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![DHH](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/d/258eb7/32.png) [@DHH](https://rubytalk.org/u/DHH)\
**Post date:** [19 October 2005 21:06 UTC](https://rubytalk.org/t/rails-1-0-release-candidate-2/21714/6 "2005-10-19T21:06:33Z")

</div>

> Rails 0.14.1 is RC2. However, it looks like somehow only the rails  
> gem got uploaded. I'll see if I can grab David next time he's online  
> to upload those.

Sorry about that, chaps. It's all good now.

> **···**
>
> --  
> David Heinemeier Hansson  
> [http://www.loudthinking.com](http://www.loudthinking.com) -- Broadcasting Brain  
> [http://www.basecamphq.com](http://www.basecamphq.com) -- Online project management  
> [http://www.backpackit.com](http://www.backpackit.com) -- Personal information manager  
> [http://www.rubyonrails.com](http://www.rubyonrails.com) -- Web-application framework

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Caleb\_Tennis](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/c/c5a1d2/32.png) [@Caleb\_Tennis](https://rubytalk.org/u/Caleb_Tennis)\
**Post date:** [20 October 2005 13:23 UTC](https://rubytalk.org/t/rails-1-0-release-candidate-2/21714/7 "2005-10-20T13:23:53Z")

</div>

> You can always grab the gems off of the RoR gem server, though:
> 
> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gem install rails --source [http://gems.rubyonrails.org](http://gems.rubyonrails.org) --include-  
> dependencies

Righto, but I was looking to download the .gem file and not actually do any  
installation. I don't think this is possible via the "gem" command, is it?

Anyway, moot point now as it's all fixed. And 1.0RC2 is now available to  
Gentoo users everywhere.

Caleb

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Ara.T.Howard6](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/a/958977/32.png) [@Ara.T.Howard6](https://rubytalk.org/u/Ara.T.Howard6)\
**Post date:** [19 October 2005 21:25 UTC](https://rubytalk.org/t/rails-1-0-release-candidate-2/21714/8 "2005-10-19T21:25:49Z")

</div>

[ahoward@localhost ~]$ sudo gem install rails --source [http://gems.rubyonrails.org](http://gems.rubyonrails.org) --include-dependencies  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Attempting local installation of 'rails'  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Local gem file not found: rails\*.gem  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Attempting remote installation of 'rails'  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Updating Gem source index for: [http://gems.rubyonrails.org](http://gems.rubyonrails.org)  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ERROR: While executing gem ... (Gem::GemNotFoundException)  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Could not find rake (\>= 0.6.2) in the repository

fyi.

-a

> **···**
>
> On Thu, 20 Oct 2005, David Heinemeier Hansson wrote:
> 
> > > Rails 0.14.1 is RC2. However, it looks like somehow only the rails  
> > > gem got uploaded. I'll see if I can grab David next time he's online  
> > > to upload those.
> > 
> > Sorry about that, chaps. It's all good now.
> 
> # --
> 
> > email :: ara [dot] t [dot] howard [at] noaa [dot] gov  
> > phone :: 303.497.6469  
> > anything that contradicts experience and logic should be abandoned.  
> > -- h.h. the 14th dalai lama
> 
> ===============================================================================

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Tom\_Copeland](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/t/94ad74/32.png) [@Tom\_Copeland](https://rubytalk.org/u/Tom_Copeland)\
**Post date:** [19 October 2005 21:33 UTC](https://rubytalk.org/t/rails-1-0-release-candidate-2/21714/9 "2005-10-19T21:33:00Z")

</div>

I just ran the cron job manually, should be there now:

> **···**
>
> On Thu, 2005-10-20 at 06:25 +0900, Ara.T.Howard wrote:
> 
> > On Thu, 20 Oct 2005, David Heinemeier Hansson wrote:
> > 
> > \>\> Rails 0.14.1 is RC2. However, it looks like somehow only the rails  
> > \>\> gem got uploaded. I'll see if I can grab David next time he's online  
> > \>\> to upload those.  
> > \>  
> > \> Sorry about that, chaps. It's all good now.
> > 
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ahoward@localhost ~]$ sudo gem install rails --source [http://gems.rubyonrails.org](http://gems.rubyonrails.org) --include-dependencies  
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Attempting local installation of 'rails'  
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Local gem file not found: rails\*.gem  
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Attempting remote installation of 'rails'  
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Updating Gem source index for: [http://gems.rubyonrails.org](http://gems.rubyonrails.org)  
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ERROR: While executing gem ... (Gem::GemNotFoundException)  
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Could not find rake (\>= 0.6.2) in the repository
> 
> ===================  
> $ gem list --remote rails
> 
> \*\*\* REMOTE GEMS \*\*\*  
> Updating Gem source index for: [http://gems.rubyforge.org](http://gems.rubyforge.org)
> 
> # rails (0.14.1, 0.13.1, 0.13.0, 0.12.1, 0.12.0, 0.11.1, 0.11.0, 0.10.1, 0.10.0, 0.9.5, 0.9.4.1, 0.9.4, 0.9.3, 0.9.2, 0.9.1, 0.9.0, 0.8.5, 0.8.0, 0.7.0, 0.6.5, 0.6.0)
> 
> Yours,
> 
> tom

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Jamis\_Buck2](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/j/f17d59/32.png) [@Jamis\_Buck2](https://rubytalk.org/u/Jamis_Buck2)\
**Post date:** [19 October 2005 21:34 UTC](https://rubytalk.org/t/rails-1-0-release-candidate-2/21714/10 "2005-10-19T21:34:45Z")

</div>

Yah, it's a consequence of gems only knowing about a single repository at a time. You need to install/upgrade rake first, using the primary gem server, and then you can use the rails gem server for the rest.

Sorry about that,

Jamis

> **···**
>
> On Oct 19, 2005, at 3:25 PM, Ara.T.Howard wrote:
> 
> > On Thu, 20 Oct 2005, David Heinemeier Hansson wrote:
> > 
> > > > Rails 0.14.1 is RC2. However, it looks like somehow only the rails  
> > > > gem got uploaded. I'll see if I can grab David next time he's online  
> > > > to upload those.
> > > 
> > > Sorry about that, chaps. It's all good now.
> > 
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;[ahoward@localhost ~]$ sudo gem install rails --source [http://gems.rubyonrails.org](http://gems.rubyonrails.org) --include-dependencies  
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;Attempting local installation of 'rails'  
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;Local gem file not found: rails\*.gem  
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;Attempting remote installation of 'rails'  
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;Updating Gem source index for: [http://gems.rubyonrails.org](http://gems.rubyonrails.org)  
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;ERROR: While executing gem ... (Gem::GemNotFoundException)  
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Could not find rake (\>= 0.6.2) in the repository

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Tom\_Copeland](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/t/94ad74/32.png) [@Tom\_Copeland](https://rubytalk.org/u/Tom_Copeland)\
**Post date:** [19 October 2005 21:38 UTC](https://rubytalk.org/t/rails-1-0-release-candidate-2/21714/11 "2005-10-19T21:38:06Z")

</div>

Argh, note to self, read messages more closely - I didn't see the  
"--source" in your msg, Ara.

Tom

> **···**
>
> On Wed, 2005-10-19 at 17:32 -0400, Tom Copeland wrote:
> 
> > On Thu, 2005-10-20 at 06:25 +0900, Ara.T.Howard wrote:  
> > \> On Thu, 20 Oct 2005, David Heinemeier Hansson wrote:  
> > \>  
> > \> \>\> Rails 0.14.1 is RC2. However, it looks like somehow only the rails  
> > \> \>\> gem got uploaded. I'll see if I can grab David next time he's online  
> > \> \>\> to upload those.  
> > \> \>  
> > \> \> Sorry about that, chaps. It's all good now.  
> > \>  
> > \> [ahoward@localhost ~]$ sudo gem install rails --source [http://gems.rubyonrails.org](http://gems.rubyonrails.org) --include-dependencies  
> > \> Attempting local installation of 'rails'  
> > \> Local gem file not found: rails\*.gem  
> > \> Attempting remote installation of 'rails'  
> > \> Updating Gem source index for: [http://gems.rubyonrails.org](http://gems.rubyonrails.org)  
> > \> ERROR: While executing gem ... (Gem::GemNotFoundException)  
> > \> Could not find rake (\>= 0.6.2) in the repository
> > 
> > I just ran the cron job manually, should be there now:

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Ara.T.Howard6](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/a/958977/32.png) [@Ara.T.Howard6](https://rubytalk.org/u/Ara.T.Howard6)\
**Post date:** [19 October 2005 21:39 UTC](https://rubytalk.org/t/rails-1-0-release-candidate-2/21714/12 "2005-10-19T21:39:49Z")

</div>

hmmm.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ahoward@localhost ~]$ sudo gem install rails --source [http://gems.rubyonrails.org](http://gems.rubyonrails.org) --include-dependencies  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Attempting local installation of 'rails'  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Local gem file not found: rails\*.gem  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Attempting remote installation of 'rails'  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ERROR: While executing gem ... (Gem::GemNotFoundException)  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Could not find rake (\>= 0.6.2) in the repository

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ahoward@localhost ~]$ date  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wed Oct 19 15:37:33 MDT 2005

looks like some rails package requires 0.6.2 - but that's not in the list?

probably they did not use '~\>' ?? i'm a gems newbie though...

i just installed the latest rubygems about 1hr ago btw...

thoughts?

-a

> **···**
>
> On Thu, 20 Oct 2005, Tom Copeland wrote:
> 
> > On Thu, 2005-10-20 at 06:25 +0900, Ara.T.Howard wrote:
> > 
> > > On Thu, 20 Oct 2005, David Heinemeier Hansson wrote:
> > > 
> > > > > Rails 0.14.1 is RC2. However, it looks like somehow only the rails  
> > > > > gem got uploaded. I'll see if I can grab David next time he's online  
> > > > > to upload those.
> > > > 
> > > > Sorry about that, chaps. It's all good now.
> > > 
> > > &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[ahoward@localhost ~]$ sudo gem install rails --source [http://gems.rubyonrails.org](http://gems.rubyonrails.org) --include-dependencies  
> > > &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Attempting local installation of 'rails'  
> > > &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Local gem file not found: rails\*.gem  
> > > &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Attempting remote installation of 'rails'  
> > > &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Updating Gem source index for: [http://gems.rubyonrails.org](http://gems.rubyonrails.org)  
> > > &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ERROR: While executing gem ... (Gem::GemNotFoundException)  
> > > &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Could not find rake (\>= 0.6.2) in the repository
> > 
> > I just ran the cron job manually, should be there now:
> > 
> > ===================  
> > $ gem list --remote rails
> > 
> > \*\*\* REMOTE GEMS \*\*\*  
> > Updating Gem source index for: [http://gems.rubyforge.org](http://gems.rubyforge.org)
> > 
> > # rails (0.14.1, 0.13.1, 0.13.0, 0.12.1, 0.12.0, 0.11.1, 0.11.0, 0.10.1, 0.10.0, 0.9.5, 0.9.4.1, 0.9.4, 0.9.3, 0.9.2, 0.9.1, 0.9.0, 0.8.5, 0.8.0, 0.7.0, 0.6.5, 0.6.0)
> > 
> > Yours,
> 
> # --
> 
> > email :: ara [dot] t [dot] howard [at] noaa [dot] gov  
> > phone :: 303.497.6469  
> > anything that contradicts experience and logic should be abandoned.  
> > -- h.h. the 14th dalai lama
> 
> ===============================================================================

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![Ara.T.Howard6](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/a/958977/32.png) [@Ara.T.Howard6](https://rubytalk.org/u/Ara.T.Howard6)\
**Post date:** [19 October 2005 21:48 UTC](https://rubytalk.org/t/rails-1-0-release-candidate-2/21714/13 "2005-10-19T21:48:09Z")

</div>

> > > > Rails 0.14.1 is RC2. However, it looks like somehow only the rails  
> > > > gem got uploaded. I'll see if I can grab David next time he's online  
> > > > to upload those.
> > > 
> > > Sorry about that, chaps. It's all good now.
> > 
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;[ahoward@localhost ~]$ sudo gem install rails --source http:// gems.rubyonrails.org --include-dependencies  
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;Attempting local installation of 'rails'  
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;Local gem file not found: rails\*.gem  
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;Attempting remote installation of 'rails'  
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;Updating Gem source index for: [http://gems.rubyonrails.org](http://gems.rubyonrails.org)  
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;ERROR: While executing gem ... (Gem::GemNotFoundException)  
> > &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Could not find rake (\>= 0.6.2) in the repository
> 
> Yah, it's a consequence of gems only knowing about a single repository at a time. You need to install/upgrade rake first, using the primary gem server, and then you can use the rails gem server for the rest.

ah. seems a simple fix:

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- accept multiple --source arguments

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- loop over them

> Sorry about that,

works now:

[ahoward@localhost ~]$ sudo gem install rake && sudo gem install rails --source [http://gems.rubyonrails.org](http://gems.rubyonrails.org) --include-dependenci  
Attempting local installation of 'rake'  
Local gem file not found: rake\*.gem  
Attempting remote installation of 'rake'  
Updating Gem source index for: [http://gems.rubyforge.org](http://gems.rubyforge.org)  
Successfully installed rake-0.6.2  
Installing RDoc documentation for rake-0.6.2...  
Attempting local installation of 'rails'  
Local gem file not found: rails\*.gem  
Attempting remote installation of 'rails'  
Successfully installed rails-0.14.1  
Successfully installed activesupport-1.2.1  
Successfully installed activerecord-1.12.1  
Successfully installed actionpack-1.10.1  
Successfully installed actionmailer-1.1.1  
Successfully installed actionwebservice-0.9.1  
Installing RDoc documentation for activesupport-1.2.1...  
Installing RDoc documentation for activerecord-1.12.1...

lib/active\_record.rb:73:64: Skipping require of dynamic string: "active\_record/connection\_adapters/#{adapter}\_adapter"  
Installing RDoc documentation for actionpack-1.10.1...

lib/action\_controller/assertions.rb:4:69: Skipping require of dynamic string: "#{File.dirname(\_\_FILE\_\_)}/vendor/html-scanner/html/document"  
Installing RDoc documentation for actionmailer-1.1.1...  
Installing RDoc documentation for actionwebservice-0.9.1...  
[ahoward@localhost ~]$ echo $?  
0

thanks!

-a

> **···**
>
> On Thu, 20 Oct 2005, Jamis Buck wrote:
> 
> > On Oct 19, 2005, at 3:25 PM, Ara.T.Howard wrote:
> > 
> > > On Thu, 20 Oct 2005, David Heinemeier Hansson wrote:
> 
> # --
> 
> > email :: ara [dot] t [dot] howard [at] noaa [dot] gov  
> > phone :: 303.497.6469  
> > anything that contradicts experience and logic should be abandoned.  
> > -- h.h. the 14th dalai lama
> 
> ===============================================================================
